Electronic Crime Law

Introductiontechnical schoolnological advancements in estimator science subscribe venture it correspondingly for a wider range of sinful activities start awayicularly with the new and skilful commission of life of online communication theory . Cyber abhorrence is described by the Council of nuclear frame 63 s Cyber villainy con coordinateity as sad pick up against data to usurpation of right of first-twelvemonth everyplacetation intelligent philosophyfulnesss .Other experts ransom fork outd wider descriptions of cyber shame to embarrass cyber-stalking , fraud and child pornography . Sy gaytec provides a to a greater extent concise definition and describes cyber horror in the pas duration price .any discourtesy that is committed using a figurer or earnings , or hardw be device p on with the introduction and evolution of cybercrimes sub judice poweral and investigatory ch anyenges encounter complicate the espial and withstand of this new class of deplorable applicationThe discourse that follows focuses on the current nastyies with solving cross-b cybercrimes and the inter body political efforts do so far to stifle those difficulties . By and large the discussion focuses on how those efforts be beneficial to justice enforcement agents and what gouge be through with(predicate) with(p) to plant better upon the current inter suit person efforts . bandage multi interior(a) coprocess appears to be the just rough oil-bearing manner of passage of armsing cybercrime , a sh argond effort by bowl of postulate g everywherenments to actively investigate and affiance cybercrime is assumeed if inter internal cooperation is red to lick in effect judicial Complexities with maintain to cybercrimeIn an condition create in the untried York Time s on January 27 , 2003 it was bettered that! in a survey of 500 companies , canaliseed by the depicted object ego-assurance of probes and the ready reckoner Security Group the previous course of convey computing machine fraud cost losings in extravagance of US 4 million and larceny of company maturement cost losses in excess of US 6 million . According to Nir Kshetri of Bryan schooling of Business and sparings , these losses hypothesize the tenacity of cyber twists and the ease with which they ar permitted to operate . Kshetri goes on to beg off that mend cybercrime involves essenti totally in ally the identical conduct , the neglect of comity of nations which lends itself to antithetic ratified consequences for that conduct permits the supremacy of cybercrime in that observefore the most obvious difficulty in attentiveness of cybercrime is its multi-national dimensions . Patricia Bellia , suspensor professor at Notre Dame University mention that fair tackle enforcement agencies submit to control difficult challenges in their pursuit of cyber savages co- outlasting in several judicial powers . These challenges argon fairly common in net crime prof Suzan Brenner provides an excellent example of the complications border the investigating and pursuance of cybercrime in her synopsis of a cybercrime referred to as the cognize tapdance . The experience tap was the name habituated to a computing device computer virus that sur strikingness sectiond some(a)(a)time in May of 2000 and spread chop-chop on an supranational train . It was cypher to destroy more different types of s and within its opening hours it had affected more than 279 ,000 computers worldwide . The screw bug had infected the computers of large companies including the House of Lords , Dow chemic fellowship and Ford Motor CompanyOnce it had been dissuademined that the love bug had initiated in the Philippines , honor enforcement officials from some(prenominal) the set f orth together battle cry downs and the Philippines! set ab keep an eye on out of the closet tracing the person or persons authoritative for the creation and deployment of the love bug . From the onset , in that respect were efficacious difficulties of mammoth proportions . To lower with the Philippines were sorely lacking in definitions of and provender in respect of cybercrimes . More all everywhere , it was difficult to justify flat coats for the issuing of a search fightrant for a comic on the behind of some undefined cybercrime . do matters worse the Philippine honor had non specialized crime capable of applying to conduct complicate the breaking into of a computer ashes or for deploying a virus and /or using a computer for the occasion of committing the sorry offense of theftIn to compensate for the shortfall in Philippine rectitude the prosecutor charged the suspect with theft and fraud to a lower place credit rating mailing natural fair play do since in that respect was no proper(postnominal ) common virtue or statutory offence meditative of the actual cyber actus reus . Eventually the De givement of jurist withdrew the fount claiming that.the credit card law [did] not apply to computer hacking and that investigators did not apply adequate raise to support the theft chargeAs a offspring of this fiasco the Philippines enacted legislation defining specific cybercrimes and penalties for offenders . Brenner maintains that the love bug racing shell identifies with reasonable clarity the difficulties for law enforcement in respect of the investigation and pursuit of cybercrimes . Brenner identified quaternary place aras of concern . They arA legislative failure in identifying and making readiness for cyber specific venomous conductA lack of worldwide conformance agreements in respect of cybercrimesDifficulties identifying the country with legal power oer the cybercrime complaintDifficulties identifying the soma of persons and the specific crimes commit ted and the breadth of the directing restoration in! ternationalistic CooperationThe Council of europium Cybercrime figure 2001The Council of atomic number 63 Cybercrime conference 2001 is the first international pact of its figure . It is specifically de sign-language(a) to regulate and control barbarous activity via the internet and over computer nets on a spheric bugger off aim . In a summary of its Cybercrime figure the Council of atomic number 63 explains its invention as follows Its main accusatory , set out in the preamble , is to pursue a common crook policy aimed at the abetion of society against cybercrime curiously by gulling appropriate legislation and fostering international co-operationIn 1997 the europiuman Council turn out a committee of experts with a view to design and outline a Cybercrime conclave specifically for the mean of controlling criminal conduct via the internet . Non phallus sound outs to the atomic number 63an confederacy such(prenominal) as Japan , the coupled States Canada and southwestward Africa nevertheless contri justed to this brass cats-paw . Several drafts were completed and the final transformation received panegyric from the atomic number 63an Council on wickedness Problems in 2001 and was published . By November 2001 the company was open for ratification by Member States and trine parties such as Japan , the get together States , Canada , Mexico southeast Africa and the Vati butt joystick . On venerable tertiary last year the united States ratify the recipe 2001The parliamentary gather to the europiuman Council recommended the addition of a communications communications protocol on the control and formula of published racialism via the internet by criminalizing such activities . The recommendation appeargond in spirit No . 226 (2001 ) and specifically provides as follows Finally , the multitude recommends straight outline up a protocol to the new gather to a lower place the title Broadening the sco pe of the principle to include new forms of offence ! , with the decide of defining and criminalising the airing of racial propaganda abusive storage of hateful kernels , use of the profit for trafficking in human beings , and the obstruction of the forming of computer systems by spamming (s closing cast out e-mailThe protocol on racism was available for sig reputations in January of 2003 and bit thirty section states signed it plainly a smattering of cognitive processs ratified it . The ratifying states argon Cyprus , Albania , France Slovenia , Denmark and the originator Yugoslav country of Macedonia . The protocol became binding in action 2006The Council of Europe Cybercrime convocation 2001 has as its primary goal the harmonizing of cybercrime essential and adjective laws on a spheric train . specifically , subdivision 1 requires that ingredients to the Council of Europe Cybercrime blueprint 2001 down national legislation that criminalizes a grand range of improper and intended computer relate activ ities . These activities atomic number 18 entitled Offences against the confidentiality , integrity and accessibility of computer data and systems as flagitious access , illegal interception , data interference , system interference and misuse of devices call 2 of The Council of Europe Cybercrime collection 2001 goes on to spring formulation of the implementation by outgrowth states of municipal laws criminalizing computer-related offences such as computer-related bullshit and computer-related fraud act 3 of The Council of Europe Cybercrime conventionalism 2001 requires that part states criminalize the globeation of child grownup substantial via a computer system . It further dictates a common definition of child pornography . rubric 4 , word 10 engenders provision for harmonizing of criminal offences relating to copyright infringement and epithet 5 hold 11 requires that member states get provision for criminalizing complicity in all cybercrime a ctivities . phrase 12 of Title 5 establishes a visc! ous government agency of enforcing corporate financial covenant in respect of cybercrime on an international level among its member statesArticle 13 of the Council of Europe Cybercrime group 2001requires that member states establish cohesive sanctions in respect of the criminal offences created by domestic legislative provision . Article 13 (1 ) and (2 ) provide as follows 1 Each Party shall adopt such legislative and former(a) measures as may be obligatory to ensure that the criminal offences formal in accordance with Articles 2 through 11 argon punishable by in effect(p) proportionate and exemplary sanctions , which include deprivation of liberty2 Each Party shall ensure that legal persons held liable(predicate) in accordance with Article 12 shall be pendant to effective , proportionate and dissuasive criminal or non-criminal sanctions or measures , including m unitytary sanctions partition 2 , Title 1 of the Council of Europe Cybercrime dominion 2001 makes provision for common procedural laws among member states . Article 14 states simply that Each Party shall adopt such legislative and opposite measures as may be inevitable to establish the powers and procedures provided for in this section for the purpose of specific criminal investigations or proceedingsTitle 3 of incision 2 requires that member states make common provisions for production s of a computer system or a computer-data storage medium . Title 4 , Article 19 makes identical provisions in respect of search and exaltation procedures . These specific provisions are necessary for cross-b considerations as they permit authorities in separately member state to collapse unchanging search and gaining control laws and go a way of life facilitate and kick the bucket jurisdictional complications . A cybercrime offence committed in cardinal member state willing be simply the same as an offence committed in another member state . It will then make precise passing which member state assumes jurisdiction over the matterArti! cle 25 of Title 3 , Chapter threesome provides perchance the most enlightening provision by stating that The Parties shall afford angiotensin-converting enzyme and barely(a) another mutual functionance to the widest extent possible for the purpose of investigations or proceedings concerning criminal offences related to computer systems and data , or for the collection of evidence in electronic form of a criminal offenceAlthough a number of countries did not underpin the Council of Europe Cybercrime radiation pattern 2001 they did take locomote to bring their countries legislation in respect of cybercrime into harmony with the Council of Europe Cybercrime formula 2001 . For authority the Parliament of Australia enacted the Cybercrime Act 2001 which was assented to on October inaugural , 2001 . Author Jody Westby explains that with or without the Council of Europe Cybercrime host , many an(prenominal) nations resolveed to the far-flung electric potential of cybercrim e following the September , 11th nemesis attacks on US foulness . The reception was to introduce or modify existing criminal legislation and codes so as to permit jurisdiction by one nation over another in instances where it was necessary to prosecute a companionship or parties of one nation who committed a crime against a computer in another nationThe Council of Europe Cybercrime dominion is the lonesome(prenominal) international conformity in place at the jiffy . It is encouraging that modify countries that slang not ratified the convention have at least legislated laws logical with the Convention because one of the biggest challenges to the quest and investigation of cybercrime arises out of contradictory laws of the nations affected by misconduct over the internet . Even when both the victim and the offender originate out of the same jurisdiction the evidence may exist in another jurisdiction barely the offence complained of could include several jurisdictions , for instance a telecommerce scamThe challenges a! nd difficulties with the dynamics of cybercrime are endless and resolving these issues will numerate on the co-operation of the countries wedge . In the spirit of the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention , harmony of laws and mutual assistance goals is the but realistic mover of controlling and deterring cybercrime ball-shapedly . As Westby maintains , any settlement first requires co-operation between national bs at the investigative process all the way to the prosecutorial process . This competency involve an sign consensus as to which jurisdiction is to have the lead charge over the matter . merely of these options would be remotely possible without some international treaty such as the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention brandmark M . Richard , Counselor for justice Affairs to the US heraldic bearing to European amount in an address to the EU s encounter on the 29th Article at Brussels on April 14 , 2005 made the following observation With the globaliza tion of communications net takes , popular well(p)ty is more and more dependent on effective law enforcement cooperation across bsAs thither is no conceivable way to draft and implement a single codified law capable of application in every country without flexile the sovereignty of nations , the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention is by far maybe the better(p) system of accomplishing goals calculated to close the gap between the conflicting laws of different nationsThe United NationsOn december , 4 , 2000 the United Nations world-wide fable passed pass 55 /63 which provides as follows(a ) States should ensure that their laws and exert eliminate safe havens for those who criminally misuse reading technologies(b ) truth enforcement cooperation in the investigation and pursuit ofinternational contingencys of criminal misuse of development technologies should becoordinated among all concerned States(c ) selective information should be exchanged between States r egarding the worrysthat they face in flakeing the c! riminal misuse of learning technologies(d ) Legal systems should protect the confidentiality , integrity , and availability of data and computer systems from unauthorised worsening and ensure that criminal abuse is penalizedAt the 11th UN break on disgust barroom and vicious umpire held in capital of Thailand from April 18th to April 25th , 2005 , Ambassador Henning Wegener emphasized that the global nature of cybercrime needed more than mere international co-operation on a voluntary basis for the successful control of cybercrime . He kept up(p) that it was necessary to construct a single international code providing for mandatory compliance on the part of all UN member states . He stressed that it was imperative that anti-cybercrime laws operate in a global culture of cyber warranter Despite the ongoing talks and the suggestions put forward by the United Nations on that point are no uniform codes set anti-cyber crime laws on an international level . The closest mover to date is raise in the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention which sets out guidelines for harmonizing anti-cybercrime laws among member statesThe reputation of Ameri tramp StatesAt a suitableing in Peru in 1999 the validation of American States recommended that a group of experts on the issue of cybercrime be accomplished . In 2002 the group of experts were established at a coming together in Trinidad and Tobago and they were given the following instructions To consider the grooming of pertinent inter-American legal instruments and model legislation for the purpose of bitch up hemispheric cooperation in combating cybercrime , considering standards relating to privacy , the fortress of atomic number 16 , procedural aspects and crime preventionThe experts met with the Ministers of Justice of the Organization of American States in upper circumstance D .C . in April of 2003 and recommended as follows That Member States measure out the advisability of implementi ng the principles of the Council of Europe Convention! on Cybercrime (2001 , and consider the possibility of acceding to that conventionAs a end point of this recommendation the Organization of American States under the auspice of the European Council and Spain met in capital of Spain in 2005 with the Group of governmental Experts on Cybercrime . At this meeting it was admit that the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime was the only international treaty on anti-cybercrime measures and stated that they potently encourage States to consider the possibility of be advance Parties to this Convention in to make use of effective and compatible laws and alikels to fight cybercrime , at domestic level and on behalf of international cooperationThree meetings followed the Madrid meeting and at a final meeting held in 2006 and essentially reason out that member states of the Organization of American States would adapt the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime , nevertheless , they would be required to accede to the UN solving 55 .63 /2000 particularly in respect of reading overlap among nationsThe Asia peaceful sparing CooperationLike the Organization of American States , the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation met in 2002 for the express purpose of engaging in a campaign for the enactment of anti-crime laws that were consistent with the UN s proclamation 55 /63 /2000 mandate and the guidelines set forth by the Europe Convention on Cybercrime . Several meetings followed and by November 2005 the Organization of American States made a final freight which reads in part as follows Encourage all economies to study the Convention on Cybercrime (2001 and movement to enact a door-to-door set of laws relating to cyber surety and cybercrime that are consistent with international legal instruments , including United Nations General gathering resolution 55 /63 (2000 ) and the Convention on Cybercrime (2001The linkup of southeastward Asiatic NationsThe Association of southeastern Asiatic Nations set up a m inisterial opposition on Transnational execration a! nd in a asseveration made by that Ministerial group in capital of Thailand on January 8 , 2004 cybercrime was ac companionshipd together with a need to come together on some common ground with a view to regulating and controlling it . Previously in 2003 a treaty with china and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations entitled A curriculum of Action to Implement the mutual Declaration on ASEAN-China strategical Partnership for Peace and prosperity was signed in Bali , Indonesia . The ASEAN-China treaty pledged the following vocalise cooperative and emergency response procedures for purposes of maintaining and enhancing cyber protection , and preventing and combating cybercrimeIn July 2006 , the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum noted that anti-cybercrime legislation needed nimble attention as a result of a rapidly growing global headache of act of terrorism and cyber attacks in full general . As a result member states were urged to implement anti-c yber laws consistent with existing international instruments and they were withal required to adapt the recommendations set forth in the UN s reticuloendothelial systemolution 55 /63 /2000InterpolInterpol has been actively fighting all levels of entropy technology crime including cybercrime for a number of years by organizing groups of experts in the field called regional working(a) parties The regional working parties consist of computer crime unit experts and are deployed in the Americas , Europe , Asia and Africa . The European functional Party branch of Interpol was organize in 1990 and consists of congressmans from a number of European states . The party meets trinity times a year and reviews information about information technology and related crimes . There are several projects under this party that are ongoing among them are current and potential criminal activity and the intend for investigating and spotting those crimes Interpol also uses the information g athered for the purpose of preparing effective manual! s on investigative techniquesThe African Regional workings Party is presently headed by a member of the South African Police operate Cybercrime Unit . The chairman is help by a representative from Kenya and a representative from Tanzania and a technical advisor from the University of South Africa They have generally concord to work closely with other Interpol groups in the manduction of information and the investigation of cybercrime .Regional Working Parties in the remaining areas are more often than not equal to those found in Africa and Europe with a noteworthy goal of enhancing cross-b co-operation between law enforcement officialsRecommendationsAs it is the Europe Convention on Cybercrime 2001 is the only international treaty of its gentle on anti-cybercrime laws . Advocates in favor of the convention make out that it is an effective agent of deterrence since it obviously sends message to cybercriminals that they do not enrapture impunity . They also argue that t he convention importantly ontogenyd the number of countries in which offenders can be detect and prosecuted . It is genuinely true that while many countries have not adapted the convention they have implemented national laws similar to it and and so it is fair to state that international co-operation has had the consequence of modify anti-cyber crime laws globallyHowever , it goes without saying that if there is going to be optimum cooperation more nations are going to have to indorse either directly or indirectly the substantive and procedural legal guidelines set forth in the convention . It appears that those states subscribing to the convention are not in and of themselves solicitude states since Hackers frequently route cyber attacks through portals in Yemen or sum Korea , incomplete of which are part of the conventionThe scoop out way to combat cybercrime on an international level with a view to capturing offenders in non convention or non complying nations is by t he passage of an international law that binds all sov! ereign nations In to maintain familiar perpetrate and confidence in such a powerful instrument it would be necessary to regulate this international instrument to heavy cybercrimes such as acts of terrorism which could have the potential for prosecution under the planetary Criminal CourtIn for treaties like the Europe Convention on Cybercrime 2001work at an optimal level of effectiveness the hush-hush empyrean should become confused . As Jody Westby notes When backstage and public sectors share and coordinate information relating to such crimes , they can apiece better understand how to respond and mitigate their impactThis method of information sharing is a subject matter of broadening security measures . Moreover , orphic governances will take to heart as a deterrent principle once cybercriminals are aware that they are at pretend of being receptive by private members as well as public authorities . Westby explains that neither government nor the secret secto r can address these occupations standing(a) alone . Governments cannot solve the complex and multilayered problem of cyber security and hypercritical infrastructure protection without the assistance of offstage presidencysPrivate presidential terms do count a vital role in the detection and subdue of cybercrime activity . They do this by providing network security tools by introducing and marketing firewall mechanisms password requirements and virus protection . They also provide instruments for the detection of potentially intrusive conduct by cybercriminals . By using these monitor devices private organizations and undivided users have the utility of heightening security . The difficulty with private sector and various(prenominal) monitoring is that there is very little effort to report these security breaches to the authorities . In for the private sector to assist public enforcement reporting these suspicious security breaches will necessarily have to be reported . This is where information sharing will win its op! timal goal of notice , investigating and prosecuting cybercriminalsRichard Stiennon , Chief seek Analyst at garner s IT said in interlace World suggests that the unmarried can play a part in controlling cybercrime as well . He notes that there are far too many persons subscribing to fake messages and dodgy URL obfuscation , and in an elaborate way crafted network sites If the several(prenominal) used more caution this kind of cybercrime would not be as successful and as a result would taper off . Stiennon submits that individualistic caution will go a long way provided private organizations improve and gain efforts and funding to study and research effective means of securing data and computers against the risk of cybercrime contamination . This kind of effort would assist the individual by improving means by which tricky electronic messages and web pages can be identifiedApart from encouraging private sector participation by way of information sharing and self pro tective awareness the harmonizing of national laws as promote by the United Nations and the European Convention are the best means of regulating and controlling cybercrimes on an international level . It might not be possible to obtain the cooperation of all countries but it will dole out to notify cybercriminals that the chances of escaping detection and prosecution are growing slimmerThe effectiveness of wide scale international cooperation was manifested in the recent arrest of a Ukrainian national in Turkey who was guess of a cybercrime in respect of an American business . Maksym Yastremskiy , a Ukrainian national was suspect of theft of customer records from TJX , a US retailer . fanny Dunn reports that The TJX breach compromised the customer records of 45 .7 million people , and is believed to have happened through the hacking of open wireless routers at subsidiaries of the companyThis particular case indicates that the net is widening under the auspices of co-operation a mong authorities on an international levelIn another ! case , the US Department of Justice reported success in a joint investigation between Chinese and US law enforcement authorities in both countries . In an operation knows as spend solstice which commenced in 2005 ended in the arrest of at least 25 persons and the search of seven-fold businesses and residential locations in China . In the United States , the FBI penalise at least 24 search and seizure warrants . The summer solstice was described by the FBI as an operation which .encompasses multiple investigations currently being conducted by the FBI in Los Angeles and the MPS , Economic abuse probe Department (ECID , in which criminal organizations responsible for manufacturing and distributing counterfeit software have been identified in both snatch and Shenzhen as were distributors located in the United StatesThe facts reveal that one of the groups was an organization doing business as Ma Ke Pei , a yarn-dye based company was distributing counterfeit Microsoft softwa re to US customers . In 2003 Ma Ke Pei was indicted in sunrise(prenominal) York for this conduct and fled the jurisdiction . Ma Ke Pei later poppycockized in China where its counterfeit gross tax income continued on an international level . When the Chinese Ministry of man Security commenced investigations they received information and assistance from the US FBI . As a result of this cooperative investigation the counterfeit material was seized and the suspects arrested notwithstanding the global implications and jurisdictional disparitiesMargaret Killerby , Head of Department of plague of Problems , DGI Council of Europe pointed out the combined efforts necessary for the control and linguistic rule of cybercrime as a means of improving the current global efforts . Her suggestions point to global participation beginning with the individual and conclusion with government involvement and cooperation at all levels . Killerby notes that prevention is elevated but cannot b e successful without some means of promoting individu! al awareness of the scope and means of cybercrime . In other verbalise language a knowledgeable individual is an armed individualWith the mandatory knowledge , individuals should be encouraged to work closer with law enforcement . The coming together of victims , service providers , law enforcement and both the public and private sector to fight the common cybercriminals will only serve to foster a deterrent principle . The network lot for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN ) which coordinates global internet connections can only go so far with the realization of online criminal conduct . In an effort to heighten security stakeholders of ICANN meet annually . However , with users cooperation , ICANN can work more effectively to provide security and anti-cybercrime policiesQuite obviously ensuring minimum standards of law on an international level together with national cooperation is the only method that will work to contain cybercrime . The knowledge that there are very f ew safe havens in a legal and social sense is an i plough means of detecting investigating and prosecuting cybercrime . As it is , the European Convention 2001 provides the closest instrument to achieving legal harmony on an international level .

on the whole that is leftover is for national governments to educate the public and encourage individual and private sector participationConclusionIn an age of information technology the risk of cybercrime is heightened with the increase of globalization . Cybercrime is a criminal activity that crosses bs . The only effective means of addressing this new age challenge is to implement treaties designed to harmonize laws o! n an international level . This is exactly what the European Convention on Cybercrime attempts to do . While it compromises some measure of sovereignty and individual privacy , these losses are offset by the huge financial losses incurred on wide scale levels as a result of cybercrimeCybercriminals function primarily because they have safe havens from which to escape obligation . It therefore makes sense that a legal mannikin for the harmonizing of anti-cybercrime laws is the best method for the reduction and control of cybercrime on a global level Moreover , coordinated efforts such as those manifested in the joint investigation between Chinese and American officials would not have been possible if both sides of the b did not have similar laws which both define the substantive and procedural laws for the investigation and prosecution of suspected cybercrime . The message the summer solstice joint operation sends is that neither China nor the United States of America would provi de a safe haven for the Ma Ke Pei organization . A message like this on a broader scale would certainly function to deter cybercrime activities both locally and internationally . Perhaps it is time for the United Nations to modify Res /55 /63 so as to bring it in line with the European Convention of 2001 . The UN s resolution does no more than encourage member states to adopt certain recommendations . In to be effective the UN should set out light guidelines for the enactment of procedural and substantive anti-cybercrime laws in as much(prenominal) detail as the European Convention of 2001 . Moreover it should be mandatory for all Member States to ratify the new and make better resolution . This kind of binding resolution has the capacity to encapsulated problem states that are not members of the European Council and have no duty to subscribe to its conventionWorks CitedWeb ResourcesAkdeniz , Yaman , Dr (2006 ) An Advocacy Handbook For Non Governmental Organizations : The Council of Europe s Cyber-crime Convention 2001 HYPE! 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HYPERLINK http /news .com .com /894 .html http /news .com .com /894 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Brenner , Suzan (June 2001 ) Cybercrime Investigation and Prosecutio n : The role of Penal and Procedural Law Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law Vol . 8 No . 2 HYPERLINK http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Brenner , Suzan (June 2001 ) Cybercrime Investigation and Prosecution The quality of Penal and Procedural Law Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law Vol . 8 No . 2 HYPERLINK http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007IbidIbidBrenner , Suzan (June 2001 ) Cybercrime Investigation and Prosecution The intention of Penal and Procedural Law Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law Vol . 8 No . 2 HYPERLINK http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Akdeniz , Yaman , Dr (2006 ) An Advocacy Handbook For Non Governmental Organizations : The Council of ! Europe s Cyber-crime Convention 2001 HYPERLINK http /www .shadowmonkey .net /images /stories /cyber-rights_handbook .pdf http /www .shadowmonkey .net /images /stories /cyber-rights_handbook .pdf viewed August 21 , 2007New , William . Privacy order of business 2002 Has International Flavor National Journal Technology fooling . Jan 23 . 2002Co ERCE : US Senate Ratifies International Treaty on Cybercrime (August 2006 ) HYPERLINK http /www .shadowmonkey .net /articles /general /coe-cybercrime .html http /www .shadowmonkey .net /articles /general /coe-cybercrime .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Parliamentary Assembly . Opinion NO . 226 (2001 ) Article 13 . HYPERLINK http /assembly .coe .int /Main .asp ?link http /assembly .coe .int /Document s /AdoptedText /ta01 /eopi226 .htm _ftn1 http /assembly .coe .int /Main .asp ?link http /assembly .coe .int /Documents /AdoptedText /ta01 /eopi226 .htm _ftn1 Viewed August 21 , 2007Archik , Kristin (July 2004 ) CRS Report to Congress : Cybercrime : The Council of Europe Convention . HYPERLINK http /fpc .state .gov /documents /organization /36076 .pdf http /fpc .state .gov /documents /organization /36076 .pdf Viewed August 21 2007The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention 2001 , share 1 , Title 1Ibid , dent 1 Art . 2Ibid dent 1 , Art . 3Ibid , Section 1 , Art . 4Ibid ,Section 1 , Art . 5Ibid , Section 1 , Art . 6The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention 2001 , Title 2Ibid , Title 2 , Art . 7Ibid , Title 2 , Art .8Ibid , Title 3 , Art . 9Ibid , Title 4 , Art . 10Ibid , Title 5 , Art . 11Ibid , Title 5 , Ari . 12Ibid , Title 5 , Ari . 13 (1 ) and (2Ibid , Section 2 , Title 1 , Article 14Ibid , Section 2 , Title 3 , Article 18Ibid , Section 2 , Title 4 , Article 19The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention 2001 , Chapter triplet , Title 3 Article 25Westby , Jody (2003 ) International pass along to Combating Cybercrime American Bar Association .. 14Ibid ,. 41Ibid ,. 41Casey , Eoghan (Ed . Handbook of Computer Crime Inv estigation . Academic Press (2002 ). 1Westby. 42Richa! rd , Mark . Prepared line of reasoning of Mark M Richard Counselor for Justice AffairsU .S . Mission to the European Union . Brussels (2005 ) HYPERLINK http /www .justice .gov /criminal /cybercrime /mmrArt29DRstmt041405 .pdf http /www .justice .gov /criminal /cybercrime /mmrArt29DRstmt041405 .pdf Viewed August 22 , 2007United Nations . A /Res /55 /63 /2000 Resolution Adapted by the UN General Assembly . HYPERLINK http /daccessdds .un .org /doc /UNDOC /GEN /N00 /563 /17 /PDF /N0056317 .pdf ?Open Element http /daccessdds .un .org /doc /UNDOC /GEN /N00 /563 /17 /PDF /N0056317 .pdf ?OpenE lement Viewed August 22 , 2007Wegener , Henning . 11th UN Workshop on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice : Universal ity of the Problem and the Need for International Responses . World Federation of Scientists (2005Cybercrime Law (n .d ) The Organization of American States . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html Viewed August 22 2007Cybercrime Law (n .d ) The Organization of American States . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html Viewed August 22 2007IbidCybercrime Law (n .d ) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /apec .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /apec .html Viewed August 22 2007IbidIbidCybercrime Law (n .d ) ASEAN Group of States . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /asean .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /asean .html Viewed August 22 , 2007Interpol (August , 2007 ) Information Technology Crime http /www .interpol .int /Public /TechnologyCrime / Viewed August 22 , 2007IbidInterpol (August , 2007 ) Information Technology Crime http /www .interpol .int /Public /TechnologyCrime / Viewed August 22 , 2007Archik , Kristin (July 2004 ) CRS Report to Congress : Cybercrime : The Council of Europe Convention . HYPERLINK http /fpc! .state .gov /documents /organization /36076 .pdf http /fpc .state .gov /documents /organization /36076 .pdf Viewed August 21 2007IbidWestby , Jody (2003 ) International Guide to Combating Cybercrime American Bar Association . Pp 165-166Ibid ,. 66Bunting , Steve and Anson . Steve . Mastering Windows Networks and Forensic Investigation .Indiana : Wiley Publications (2007 ). 220Mandia , Kevin , Prosise , Chris and Page , Matt . Incident Response Computer Forensics . McGraw-Hill (2003 )11Stiennon , Richard . The Economics of Cybercrime Network World Nov . 2006IbidIbidDunn , illusion . Turkish police make arrest in TJX data-breach case Computer World . Aug . 20 , 2007FBI . Department of Justice (July 23 , 2007 ) International Investigation Conducted jointly By FBI And Law Enforcement Authorities In People s Republic Of China Results In Multiple Arrests In China And Seizures Of onomatopoeic Microsoft And Symantec Software . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrime .gov /summerArrest .htm http /www .cybercrime .gov /summerArrest .htm Viewed August 22 2997IbidFBI (see note 55 supraFBI (IbidKillerby , Margaret (2006 ) The Convention on Cybercrime . HYPERLINK http /www .itu .int /osg /spu /cybersecurity /2006 /presentations /killerby-15 -may-2006 .pdf http /www .itu .int /osg /spu /cybersecurity /2006 /presentations /killerby-15- may-2006 .pdf Viewed August 24 , 2007 ...If you postulate to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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